Methanol to jet fuel (MTJ) process

ABSTRACT

A process and plant for producing hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range, comprising the steps: optionally passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst thereby forming an olefin stream; passing the olefin stream trough a combined oligomerization and hydrogenation step thereby producing a hydrocarbon stream comprising said hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the conversion of an olefin stream to hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range by a combined oligomerization and hydrogenation step. The invention relates also to the conversion of a feedstock comprising oxygenates such as methanol and/or dimethyl ether to said olefin stream and the subsequent conversion of the olefin stream to the hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range, particularly sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) by the combined oligomerization and hydrogenation step.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Currently, processes for the conversion of oxygenates such as methanol to olefins (MTO) are used to produce ethylene and propylene as the main olefin products with the purpose of serving as feedstock for plastic production. When higher hydrocarbons are the desired product such as in e.g. methanol to gasoline (MTG) processes, around 30% of aromatics are typically formed. However, when producing hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range, particularly sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), current requirements do not allow the presence of aromatics in the olefin stream feed.

Due to society concerns about global climate change and the resulting political pressure on the aviation industries, the market for SAFs is expected to increase substantially during the next decades. Currently, a small number of biocatalytic and thermo-catalytic processes have been approved by ASTM to be able to produce SAFs. Hence, a pre-condition for the use of any SAF as aviation turbine fuel is an ASTM certification. So far, only a small number of processes, producing SAF or synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) fuels have been approved by ASTM International (ASTM) Method D7566 for blending into jet fuel at levels up to 50%. One important general requirement is therefore, that the synthetic part of SAF (50 vol %) must be virtually free from aromatics, while the final SAF blend can contain up to 26.5 vol % aromatics.

So far, the only process that is foreseen to be able to produce relevant amounts of SAF is based on biomass derived Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, followed by oligomerization of the lower olefins and subsequent hydrogenation. However, the selectivity of FT to lower olefins is only moderate. The present invention optionally uses the well-known methanol to olefins (MTO) process as a more attractive route to obtain olefins at a higher selectivity. Currently, the proposed process layouts for the conversion of methanol to jet fuel are multistep processes, consisting of at least MTO, oligomerization and hydrogenation which are all proven technologies but in combination do not appear very efficient, due to high recycle streams and very different process conditions for the individual steps.

Potential feedstocks for producing SAFs are generally classified as (a) oil-based feedstocks, such as vegetable oils, waste oils, algal oils, and pyrolysis oils; (b) solid-based feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic biomass (including wood products, forestry waste, and agricultural residue) and municipal waste (the organic portion); or (c) gas-based feedstocks, such as biogas and synthesis gas (syngas). Syngas, alcohols, sugars, and bio-oils can be further upgraded to jet fuel via a variety of synthesis, either fermentative or catalytic processes.

There is currently no viable one-step catalyst/process that would allow to convert a feedstock comprising oxygenates such as methanol directly into a hydrocarbon boiling in the jet fuel range, i.e. jet fuel, at least not at reasonable yields. To produce jet fuel starting from methanol, typically a three-step process is used consisting of: a) Methanol to olefins (MTO), b) Oligomerization of olefins, and c) Hydrogenation of long chain olefins. Conventional approaches to the conversion of methanol to gasoline or diesel hydrocarbon products were envisaged already in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Thus, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,021,502, 4,211,640, 4,227,992, 4,433,185, 4,456,779, disclose process layouts based on classical MTO process conditions, i.e. high temperatures e.g. about 500° C. and moderate pressures e.g. about 1-3 bar, in order to obtain efficient conversion of methanol to olefins. However, under these conditions a significant amount of aromatic hydrocarbons (aromatics) is produced, e.g. 10-30 wt % in the olefin stream, which needs to be separated and a relatively large volume of MTO product effluent has to be cooled and treated to separate a C2-light gas stream, which is unreactive, except for ethene which is reactive to only a small degree. The remaining of the olefin stream has to be pressurized to the substantially higher pressure of the oligomerization (OLI) reactor.

Hence, so-called Mobil-Olefin-to-Gasoline-Distillates (MOGD) process patents from the early 1990s such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,279 try to solve these problems and improve the overall operation efficiency by further process integration of MTO and oligomerization and reduce the investment costs by splitting the methanol stream between the MTO and the OLI reactor. The splitting of the methanol feed has two advantages: first it reduces the MTO reactor size at the same overall methanol conversion and secondly only half of the methanol is processed at the high temperature conditions of the MTO reactor, thereby reducing both, the aromatics and the C2-content.

Two possible general process layouts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,279: (1) classical twostep process with MTO and OLI/MOGD reactor in series and (2) a three-step process, including an intermediate “olefin interconversion” (MOI) reactor that converts the lower olefins (C2=−C3=) to higher olefins (C5=−C9=), increasing thereby the amount of higher olefins from 25-35 wt % to 35-70 wt %. The latter process design provides more flexibility and only two reactors (MTO+MOI) are used when gasoline is the desired product, while all three reactors are used when distillates are the preferred product.

Applicant's US 20190176136 discloses the use of a ZSM-23 zeolite as catalyst for methanol to olefin conversion in a process step which is conducted at atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar) and 400° C., thereby producing a hydrocarbon stream with less than 5 wt % aromatics.

Yarulina et al, ChemCatChem 8 (2016) 3057-3063, discloses the use of Ca-modified ZSM-5 for methanol to olefins conversion with the purpose of achieving a high propylene selectivity, where the process is conducted at 1 bar and at high temperature (500° C.). The resulting olefin streams shows no formation of aromatics and a high selectivity for light olefins (C2=−C3=), yet low selectivity for higher olefins (C4=−C8=).

U.S. Pat. No. 8,524,970 discloses a process for producing diesel of better quality, i.e. diesel with a higher cetane number comprising conversion of oxygenates to olefins, oligomerization of olefins and subsequent hydrogenation.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,957,449 discloses a process for producing hydrocarbons in the jet fuel range by oligomerization of renewable olefins having three to eight carbons.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,719 discloses a process for oligomerizing lower olefins to higher hydrocarbons useful as liquid fuels. The process includes contacting at least one olefin having 2-4 carbon atoms with a catalyst comprising chemically bound copper, phosphorous and oxygen.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, “MTO” (methanol to olefins) means the conversion of an oxygenate such as methanol to olefins.

As used herein, “OLI” means oligomerization.

As used herein, “Hydro” means hydrogenation.

As used herein, “Hydro/OLI” means a single combined step comprising hydrogenation and oligomerization.

As used herein, “MTJ” means methanol to jet fuel and is interchangeable with the term “overall process” or “overall process and plant”, which means a process/plant combining MTO, OLI and Hydro, whereby a feedstock comprising oxygenates such as methanol is converted into jet fuel.

As used herein, the terms “jet fuel” and “hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range” are used interchangeably and have the meaning of a mixture of C8-C16 hydrocarbons boiling in the range of about 130-300° at atmospheric pressure.

As used herein, “SAF” means sustainable aviation fuel or aviation turbine fuel, in compliance with ASTM D7566 and ASTM D4054.

As used herein, the terms “methanol” and “dimethyl ether” are used interchangeably with the terms MeOH and DME, respectively. “MeOH/DME” means MeOH and/or DME.

As used herein, “olefin stream” means a hydrocarbon stream rich in olefins comprising higher and lower olefins, and optionally also aromatics, paraffins, iso-paraffins and naphthenes, and in which the combined content of higher and lower olefins is at least 25 wt %, such as 30 wt % or 50 wt %.

As used herein, the term “higher olefins” means olefins having three (3) or more carbons (C3+ olefins), in particular C3-C8 olefins (C3=−C8=), including olefins having four (4) or more carbons (C4+ olefins), in particular C4-C8 olefins (C4=−C8=)

As used herein, the term “lower olefins” means an olefin having two carbons, i.e. ethylene (C2-olefin or synonymously C2=or ethene).

As used herein, the term “high content of higher olefins” means that the weight ratio in the olefin stream of higher olefins to lower olefins is above 1, suitably above 10, for instance 20-90 such as 70-80. Conversely, the term “low content of higher olefins” means that the weight ratio in the olefin stream of higher olefins to lower olefins is 10 or below, such as 1 or below.

As used herein, the term “selectivity to higher olefins” means the weight ratio of higher to lower olefins. “High selectivity to higher olefins” or “higher selectivity to higher olefins” means a weight ratio of higher to lower olefins of above 1, suitably above 10.

As used herein, the terms “C2-light fraction” means C2=and C1-2 hydrocarbons.

As used herein, the term “lower hydrocarbons” means C1-2 (e.g. methane, ethane) and optionally also C2=. The term is also used interchangeably with the term “light paraffins”.

As used herein, the term “essentially free or ethylene” or “free of ethylene” means 1 wt % or lower. As used herein, the term “essentially free of aromatics”, “substantially free of aromatics”, “aromatic-free” or “low aromatics” means less than 5 wt %, e.g. 1 wt % or even less than 1 wt %. Aromatics include benzene (B), toluene (T), xylene (X) and ethylbenzene.

As used herein, the term “partial conversion of the oxygenates” or “partly converting the oxygenates” means a conversion of the oxygenates of 20-80%, for instance 40-80%, or 50-70%.

As used herein, the term “full conversion of the oxygenates” or “fully converting the oxygenates” means above 80% conversion of the oxygenates, for instance 90% or 100%.

As used herein, the term “substantial methanol conversion” is used interchangeably with the term “full conversion of the oxygenates”, where the oxygenate is methanol.

As used herein, the terms “catalyst comprising a zeolite” and “zeolite catalyst” are used interchangeably.

As used herein, the term “silica to alumina ratio (SAR)” means the mole ratio of SiO₂ to Al₂O₃.

As used herein, the term “significant amount of paraffins” means 5-20 wt %, such as 10-15 wt % in the olefin stream.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a simpler process and plant for the conversion of olefins to jet fuel, particularly SAF.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a more efficient and simpler overall process and plant for the conversion of oxygenates such as methanol to jet fuel, particularly SAF.

These and other objects are solved by the present invention.

In a first aspect, the invention is a process for producing hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range, comprising: passing an olefin stream trough an oligomerization step and hydrogenation step which are combined in a single hydro-oligomerization step (Hydro-OLI step), e.g. by combining the steps in a single reactor, and optionally subsequently conducting a separation step, for thereby producing a hydrocarbon stream comprising said hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range.

This results in a much simpler process/plant layout.

As used herein, the term “single hydro-oligomerization step” or more generally “single step” or “single stage” means a section of the process in which no stream is withdrawn.

Typically, a single stage does not include equipment such as compressors, by which the pressure is increased.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the process further comprises a prior step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, thereby forming said olefin stream.

As used herein, the step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates is also referred as oxygenate conversion, or conversion of oxygenates, i.e. MTO.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the entire olefin stream passes through the oligomerization step. As used herein, the term “entire olefin stream” means at least 90 wt % of the stream.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the olefin stream is passed directly to said single hydro-oligomerization step. Thus, the olefin stream is in direct fluid communication with the Hydro/OLI step. Thereby, there is no fractionation of the olefin stream prior to entering the Hydro/OLI step, thus further simplifying the process and plant.

In a particular embodiment, the hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range is SAF, i.e. a sustainable aviation fuel in compliance with ASTM D7566 and ASTM D4054.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the oligomerization step is dimerization, optionally also trimerization, i.e. by conducting the oligomerization at conditions suitable for dimerization and/or trimerization.

Normally, the oligomerization and hydrogenation are conducted in separate steps, for instance in separate reactors with separate catalysts and normally also with intermediate separation of intermediate products. For instance, after an oligomerization step in an oligomerization reactor, a naphtha stream, which comprises C5-C7 hydrocarbons, is separated in a fractionator such as a distillation column, while a heavy bottoms product containing C8+ olefins continues to a separate reactor for subsequent hydrogenation and thereby saturation to form the corresponding paraffins. The hydrogenated products may then be separated in one or more separators into a jet fuel and other products such as a saturated diesel.

Conventionally, an oligomerization step is conducted by using an oligomerization catalyst such as a zeolite catalyst, for instance a conventional ZSM-22, ZSM-23 or ZSM-57 catalyst, at a pressure of 30-1000 bar, such as 50-100 bar, and a temperature of 100-350° C., such as 150-300° C. Conventionally also, a hydrogenation step is conducted by including under the presence of hydrogen the use of a hydrotreating or hydrogenation catalyst, for instance a catalyst comprising one or more metals of the group Co, Mo, Ni, W or combinations thereof, at a pressure of 60-70 bar and a temperature of 100-200° C.

By the present invention, the oligomerization step and hydrogenation step are combined in a single hydro-oligomerization step (Hydro-OLI), e.g. by combining the steps in a single reactor, which again, results in a much simpler process/plant layout. In an embodiment, as recited above, the OLI step is dimerization, optionally also trimerization, and thereby the single reactor is preferably operated at a relatively low pressure, such as 15-60 bar, for instance 20-40 bar. The oligomerization reaction is very exothermic per oligomerization step and much less heat is produced, —since there is only dimerization, optionally also trimerization—instead of higher oligomerization such as tetramerization or even pentamerization. The lower heat produced favors approaching equilibrium, i.e. high conversion of olefins.

Normally, the oligomerization step converts the olefins to a mixture of mainly dimers, trimers and tetramers; for instance, a C6-olefin will result in a mixture comprising C12, C18, C24 products and probably also higher hydrocarbons. By conducting the oligomerization step at conditions suitable for dimerization, a more selective and direct conversion of the higher olefins (C4-C8 olefins) to the jet fuel relevant hydrocarbons, namely C8-C16, is obtained. The dimerization step comprises the use of lower pressures than in conventional oligomerization processes, thereby also reducing compression requirements which translates into higher energy efficiency as well as reduced costs, e.g. reduced costs of the oligomerization reactor and attendant equipment, as well as reduced operating costs due to less need of separating C16+ olefins otherwise formed in conventional OLI reactors. Accordingly, the pressure of the Hydro/OLI can be adapted to better match the pressure of the previous oxygenate conversion step.

Moreover, instead of using a dedicated separation such as distillation in the OLI step for separating naphtha and another dedicated separation in the hydrogenation step for separating diesel from the jet fuel, only one subsequent separation stage, if any, will be needed. Thereby a simpler process for oligomerization and hydrogenation is obtained and consequently also a simpler overall process and plant.

The hydrogenation or H₂-addition is conducted in the same reactor, for instance by adjusting the activity of the hydrogenation component e.g. nickel. In an embodiment, the single hydro-oligomerization step is conducted in a single reactor having a stacked reactor bed where a first bed comprises an oligomerization catalyst, e.g. zeolite catalyst, and a subsequent bed comprises a hydrogenation catalyst.

The hydro-oligomerization step is conducted by reacting, under the presence of hydrogen, the olefin stream over a catalyst comprising a hydrogenation metal, such as a hydrogenation metal selected from Pd, Rh, Ru, Pt, Ir, Re, Cu, Co, Mo, Ni, W and combinations thereof, preferably incorporated in a zeolite, and preferably at a pressure of 15-60 bar such as 20-40 bar, and a temperature of 50-350° C., such as 100-250° C. In a particular embodiment, the catalyst comprises a zeolite having a structure selected from MFI, MEL, SZR, SVR, ITH, IMF, TUN, FER, EUO, MSE, *MRE, MWW, TON, MTT, FAU, AFO, AEL, and combinations thereof, preferably a zeolite with a framework having a 10-ring pore structure i.e. pore circumference defined by 10 oxygens, such as zeolites having a structure selected from TON, MTT, MFI, *MRE, MEL, AFO, AEL, EUO, FER, and combinations thereof. These zeolites are particularly suitable due to the restricted space of the zeolite pores, thereby enabling that the dimerization is favored over larger molecules. Optionally, the weight hour special velocity (WHSV) is 0.5-6 h⁻¹, such as 0.5-4 h⁻¹.

Lower pressures corresponding to the operating at conditions for dimerization, optionally also trimerization, are in particular 15-50 bar, such as 20-40 bar. This, again, is significantly lower than the pressures normally used in oligomerization, which typically are in the range 50-100 bar.

The present invention purposefully uses conditions that result in a mild hydrogenation. Particularly suitable catalysts are catalysts comprising NiW, for instance sulfide NiW (NiWS), or Ni such as Ni supported on a zeolite having a FAU or MTT structure, for instance a Y-zeolite, or ZSM-23. The catalyst which is active for oligomerization and hydrogenation may for instance contain up to 50-80 wt % zeolite in a matrix/binder comprising an alumina component. The hydrogenation metal may then be incorporated by impregnation on the catalyst. The hydrogenation metals are selected so as to provide a moderate activity and thereby better control of the exothermicity of the oligomerization step by mainly hydrogenating the dimers being formed as the oligomerization takes place, thereby interrupting the formation of higher oligomers.

Hence, rather than having separate reactors and attendant separation units for conducting oligomerization and subsequent hydrogenation each with its own catalyst, the present invention enables in a single hydro-oligomerization step the use of less equipment e.g. one single reactor, one type of catalyst, optionally a single separation stage downstream for obtaining the jet fuel. A more efficient and simpler overall process and plant for the conversion of oxygenates such as methanol to jet fuels, particularly SAF, is thereby achieved.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, a stream comprising C8-hydrocarbons resulting from cracked C9-C16 hydrocarbons, is withdrawn from said hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range and added to the other processes. For instance, the process according to the first aspect of the invention cooperates with a refinery plant (or process), in particular a bio-refinery, and the stream comprising C8-hydrocarbons is added to the gasoline pool in a separate process for producing gasoline of said refinery. Optionally, a stream comprising C8-hydrocarbons resulting from cracked C9-C16 hydrocarbons, is withdrawn from said hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range and used (recycled) as additional feed stream to the single hydro-oligomerization step.

In embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the catalyst in the step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, i.e. MTO, comprises a zeolite having a structure selected from MFI, MEL, SZR, SVR, ITH, IMF, TUN, FER, EUO, MSE, *MRE, MWW, TON, MTT, FAU, AFO, AEL, and combinations thereof, preferably a zeolite with a framework having a 10-ring pore structure such as zeolites having a structure selected from TON, MTT, MFI, *MRE, MEL, AFO, AEL, EUO, FER, and combinations thereof.

It would be understood, that the three letter codes for structure types of zeolites are assigned and maintained by the International Zeolite Association Structure Commission in the Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types, which is at http://www.iza-structure.org/databases/or for instance also as defined in “Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types”, by Ch. Baerlocher, L. B. McCusker and D. H. Olson, Sixth Revised Edition 2007.

The catalyst may be formed by combining the zeolite with a binder, and then forming the catalyst into pellets. The pellets may optionally be treated with a phosphoric reagent to create a zeolite having a phosphorous component between 0.5 and 15 wt % of the treated catalyst. The binder is used to confer hardness and strength on the catalyst. Binders include alumina, aluminum phosphate, silica, silica-alumina, zirconia, titania and combinations of these metal oxides, and other refractory oxides, and clays such as montmorillonite, kaolin, palygorskite, smectite and attapulgite. A preferred binder is an aluminum-based binder, such as alumina, aluminum phosphate, silica-alumina and clays.

Thereby a flexible process for the production of jet fuels is also enabled, where the olefin stream from the oxygenate conversion step, e.g. MTO, may contain higher olefins and/or lower olefins, as well as high and/or low content of aromatics. The process conditions such as pressure and temperature of such oxygenate conversion step are adapted for obtaining an olefin stream which for instance is substantially free in aromatics and has a low content of higher olefins, or an olefin stream which is substantially free in aromatics and has a high content of higher olefins. The matrix table below shows the range of possibilities:

Olefin stream from step i) Lower olefins Higher olefins High aromatics ✓ ✓ Low aromatics ✓ ✓

Thus, the olefin stream may comprise low aromatics as well as lower and higher olefins. The olefin stream may also comprise high aromatics as well as lower and higher olefins.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention said step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, is conducted at a pressure of 1-60 bar and a temperature of 125-700° C. These conditions further specify the process requirements for achieving the above range of possibilities regarding content of aromatics and olefins. In particular, higher temperatures result in higher content of lower olefins.

It would also be understood that the term “temperature” means the MTO reaction temperature in an isothermal process, or the inlet temperature to the MTO in an adiabatic process.

An olefin stream containing e.g. a high content of aromatics, for instance more than 10-20 wt % aromatics, is still a suitable oligomerization feed, since the final blend in the jet fuel may contain aromatics and/or these aromatics may also be converted to jet fuel in the subsequent Hydro/OLI step.

In a particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, said step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, is conducted over a catalyst comprising a zeolite with a framework having a 10-ring pore structure, in which said 10-ring pore structure comprises: (a) a unidimensional (1-D) pore structure, such as MRE*, for instance EU-2, and/or (b) a three-dimensional (3-D) pore structure, such as MFI, for instance MFI modified with an alkaline earth metal, e.g. a Ca/Mg-modified ZSM-5, in particular a Ca-modified ZSM-5; and at a pressure of 1-50 bar and temperature of 150-600° C.

It would be understood that the term “EU-2” may be used interchangeably with the term “ZSM-48”.

A 1-D pore structure means zeolites containing non-intersecting pores that are substantially parallel to one of the axes of the crystal. The pores preferably extend through the zeolite crystal. A 3-D pore structure means zeolites containing intersecting pores that are substantially parallel to all three axes of the crystal. The pores preferably extend through the zeolite crystal.

As used herein, the term “Ca/Mg-modified ZSM-5” means a ZSM-5 modified with Ca and/or Mg.

The zeolite catalysts may be prepared by standard methods in the art. For instance, Ca and/or Mg are loaded in a commercially available ZSM-5 zeolite at concentrations of 1-10 wt. %, such as 2, 4 or 6 wt. %, by ion-exchange e.g. solid-state ion-exchange; or wet impregnation e.g. incipient wetness impregnation or any other suitable impregnation.

For instance, impregnation of the final catalyst with binder/matrix, such as in a catalyst that contains up to 30-90 wt % zeolite, such as 50-80 wt % zeolite in a matrix/binder comprising an alumina component such as a silica-alumina matrix binder.

It would also be understood, that for the purposes of the present application, the term “binder” is also referred to as “matrix binder” or “matrix/binder” or “binder/matrix”.

This enables obtaining an olefin stream with low aromatics content and also comprising lower and higher olefins:

Olefin stream from step i) Lower olefins Higher olefins High aromatics — — Low aromatics ✓ ✓

Particularly at the higher temperatures, lower olefins will be formed, i.e. higher selectivity for lower olefins.

In a particular embodiment thereof, the oxygenate conversion is conducted over a catalyst comprising a zeolite having (a) 1-D pore structure and/or (b) 3-D pore structure, the pressure is 1-50 bar such as 2-20 bar and the temperature is 500-550° C. This results in low aromatics and low content of higher olefins:

Olefin stream from step i) Lower olefins Higher olefins High aromatics — — Low aromatics ✓ —

In another particular embodiment thereof, the oxygenate conversion is conducted over a catalyst comprising a zeolite having (a) 1-D pore structure and/or (b) 3-D pore structure, the pressure is 1-50 bar, such as 2-20 bar or 5-10 bar, and the temperature is 150-480° C., such as 150-350° C., 200-300° C., or 250-350° C. In another embodiment, the pressure is 2-30 bar, for instance 2-20 bar or 5-10 bar, and the temperature is 340-400° C., for instance 340-385° C. or 360-380° C. This results in low aromatics and high content of higher olefins:

Olefin stream from step i) Lower olefins Higher olefins High aromatics — — Low aromatics — ✓

It has been found that despite the relatively low temperatures, i.e. reaction temperatures of 150-480° C., the catalysts are active in not only suppressing the formation of aromatics, but also in providing a high selectivity for higher olefins as well as full conversion of the oxygenate feed.

In another particular embodiment, where the catalyst in the oxygenate conversion comprises a zeolite with a framework having a 10-ring pore structure, in which said 10-ring pore structure comprises a three-dimensional (3-D) pore structure, such as MFI, e.g. a Ca/Mg-modified ZSM-5, in particular a Ca-modified ZSM-5, and the temperature is in the range 340-400° C., a significant increase in higher olefins is observed as well as a sharp decrease in aromatics content, while still fully converting the oxygenates, e.g. methanol.

Hence, the above combination of features according to these particular embodiments, i.e. the particular combination of zeolite type, pressure and temperature, enables the production of an olefin stream which is an ideal oligomerization feed for the further conversion to jet fuel, particularly SAF in accordance with ASTM as defined above.

While a suitable oligomerization feed may have some aromatics, for instance 10-20 wt % aromatics, as well as higher and lower olefins, the ideal oligomerization feed is namely substantially free of aromatics and composed of higher olefins, and preferably as little as possible C2-light fraction. The olefin stream may e.g. comprise at least 20 wt % C4-C8 olefins, such as above 30 wt % C4-C8 olefins or above 40 wt % C4-C8 olefins and less than 10 wt % aromatics e.g. less than 5 wt % aromatics. The lower the temperature, the higher the content of higher olefins and thereby also the ratio of higher olefins to lower olefins, i.e. the selectivity to higher olefins. Thus, the oligomerization feed complies with the above ASTM requirements stipulating the 50% SAF blending part to be almost aromatic-free, more specifically that the content of aromatics be limited to below 0.5 wt %. The olefin stream can be converted into such jet fuel via the combined oligomerization and hydrogenation in a more efficient overall process due to i.a. less recycling and higher oligomerization yields. In other words, the higher olefins and low selectivity to aromatics simplifies separation steps and increase overall yields of the jet fuel.

By using in the oxygenate conversion step the moderately high pressure of 2-20 bar, in particular 5-10 bar, it is now possible to further shift the selectivity towards higher olefins. It has namely been found that while higher pressures increase the ratio of higher olefins to lower olefins i.e. higher selectivity to higher olefins, the higher pressures may also decrease the total yield of olefins (i.e. lower conversion of the oxygenate feed to olefins) and also increase the required temperature to achieve full conversion, which in turn creates the risk of less desired cracking reactions taking place. At the pressure range of 5-10 bar, it is now possible to obtain a higher selectivity to higher olefins without requiring increasing the temperatures to high levels for achieving full conversion, thereby also reducing the occurrence of cracking reactions.

At the same time, reducing the temperature to for instance 250° C. or 300° C. or 350° C., despite this in principle implying a reduction in oxygenate e.g. methanol conversion, in fact significantly assists in the process. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the low acid strength of for instance EU-2 or Ca/Mg-ZSM-5 suppresses the formation of aromatics. However, the low acid strength means that relatively high temperatures are necessary for achieving reasonable methanol conversions and such temperature increase would result in also increasing the rate of olefin cracking as mentioned above, thereby countering the effect of the increased pressure. Accordingly, by the present invention and contrary to the prior art, the pressure is increased, and the temperature lowered, resulting in that it is still possible to maintain substantial methanol conversion, whilst at the same time achieving an olefin stream substantially free of aromatics and having a high content of higher olefins.

In an embodiment, said step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, i.e. in the MTO, is conducted over a catalyst in which the zeolite has a 1-D pore structure and is any of *MRE (ZSM-48), MTT (ZSM-23), TON (ZSM-22), or combinations thereof; and optionally having a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) of up to 110, such as ZSM-48 having SAR up to 110; and the process is conducted at a pressure of 1-25 bar such as 1-15 bar, and a temperature of 240-360° C. such as 300-360° C.

In a particular embodiment, said zeolite in the MTO has a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) of up to 240. In a particular embodiment, the zeolite has a SAR of up to 110, such as up to 100. In another particular embodiment, the zeolite has a SAR is higher than 10, for instance 15 or 20, or 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100.

In another particular embodiment in which the catalyst in the MTO comprises a zeolite with a 1-D pore structure as recited above, the pressure is 2-25 bar, such as 2, 5, 10 or 12 or 17 or 20 or 22 bar. It has been found that while higher pressures (above 25 bar) increase the ratio of higher olefins to lower olefins i.e. higher selectivity to higher olefins, the higher pressures may also decrease the total yield of olefins (i.e. lower conversion of the oxygenate feed to olefins) and also increase the required temperature to achieve full conversion, which in turn creates the risk of less desired cracking reactions taking place. At the pressure range recited above for instance 2-10 bar, 5-10 bar or 1-15 bar or more broadly 1-25 bar, it is now possible to obtain a higher selectivity to higher olefins without requiring increasing the temperatures to high levels for achieving full conversion, thereby also reducing the occurrence of cracking reactions. Further, the formation of ethylene is suppressed, and so is the formation of aromatics. The olefin stream, therefore, contains the higher olefins C3-C8 as well as isoparaffins. In particular, conducting the process at higher pressures than atmospheric have the effect of enabling an amount of diluent as “heat sink” for the exothermal reaction.

In an embodiment, the feedstock stream comprising oxygenates is combined with a diluent, i.e. an inert diluent, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide or a light paraffin such as methane, thereby reducing the exothermicity in the conversion to olefins, which is particularly preferred when the catalyst is arranged as a fixed bed. For instance, where the feedstock stream is methanol, it is diluted with e.g. nitrogen so that the methanol concentration in the feedstock is 2-20 vol. %, preferably 5-10 vol. %.

It would be understood that the lower the methanol concentration in the feedstock, the higher the pressure which is required to maintain high methanol conversion, since the partial pressure of methanol (P_(MeOH)), is the actual relevant parameter to track during operation of the process. For instance, where the concentration of methanol in the feedstock is 10 vol. %, and the MTO is operated at a P_(MeOH) of 0.3 or 0.5 bar, this corresponds to the pressure in the MTO being 3 or 5 bar, respectively. If the concentration of methanol in the feedstock is 5 vol. %, and the MTO is operated at a P_(MeOH) of 0.3 or 0.5 bar, this corresponds to the pressure in the MTO being 6 or 10 bar.

A pressure at the higher end of the range, e.g. 15 bar or 20 bar or 25 bar, enables better match—and thereby significant compression energy savings-with the pressure of a subsequent Hydro/OLI. The invention provides therefore also a process whereby it is now possible to closely match the pressure of the MTO with the pressure of the subsequent Hydro/OLI, while still maintaining high conversion and an olefin stream (olefin product) which is ideal for subsequent oligomerization and/or Hydro/OLI.

It has now also been found, that at the low temperatures of the MTO according to an embodiment of the present invention in which particularly a 1-D zeolite such as ZSM-48 is utilized and at temperatures of 360° C. or below, the partial pressures of the feed, e.g. methanol (P_(MeOH)), do not play a decisive role in terms of selectivity to aromatics. This is contrary to the common understanding that methanol partial pressures play a decisive role in the selectivity to aromatics and paraffins. This means, that compared with operation of the MTO at temperatures higher than 360° C., where P_(MeOH) has a high effect on the amount of aromatics produced, with higher P_(MeOH) significantly generating higher content of aromatics; by the present invention where operation of the MTO is conducted at temperatures of 360° C. or below, e.g. 320° C., changing the P_(MeOH) does not show any significant influence, as the content of aromatics is maintained below 2 wt % or below 1 wt % and at similar values regardless of the P_(MeOH).

For instance, with MTO operating at 400° C., at P_(MeOH) of 0.3 and 0.5 the content of aromatics is about 2 wt % and 6 wt %, respectively. When operating the MTO at 360° C., at P_(MeOH) of 0.3 and 0.5 the content of aromatics is about 1 wt % and 2 wt %, respectively. When operating the MTO at 320° C., at P_(MeOH) of 0.3 and 0.5 the content of aromatics is about 1 wt % at both P_(MeOH).

Thus, the higher the P_(MeOH), the higher the content of aromatics. By reducing the temperature according to an embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to increase the P_(MeOH) to some degree and thereby the pressure (total pressure), without producing more aromatics.

Hence, by the present invention in which particularly a 1-D zeolite such as ZSM-48 is utilized and at temperatures of 360° C. or below, the higher independence of the aromatic content with respect to P_(MeOH) at the lower MTO temperatures, for instance at temperatures of 350° C. or below, such as 340° C. or 320° C. or 300° C., enables also operation at the higher end of the pressures, e.g. 15, 20 or 25 bar. Not only are these pressures better matched to the downstream operations, e.g. oligomerization or Hydro/OLI, as mentioned above, but they are also closer to the pressures used in the upstream process, in particular methanol synthesis, which operates at high pressures, typically about 50-100 bar. Higher energy savings in terms of lower compression energy is thereby achieved, as so is a reduction in equipment size.

Despite the relatively low temperatures used in the MTO, i.e. reaction temperatures of 240-360° C., the catalysts comprising any of *MRE (ZSM-48), MTT (ZSM-23), TON (ZSM-22), or combinations thereof, are active in not only suppressing the formation of aromatics, but also in providing a high selectivity for the higher olefins C3=−C8=, no ethylene formation, optionally significant isoparaffin formation, and full conversion, while also showing an extended catalyst lifetime.

For instance, it has been found that ZSM-48, when applied at said low temperatures, converts methanol to an olefin stream which is ideal for further oligomerization to jet fuel, particularly SAF in accordance with ASTM as defined above. The fact that the product is essentially free of ethylene and aromatics, which are considered unwanted, while the yield of C3-C8 olefins is between 70-80%, combined with 10-15% isoparaffins, makes the product an ideal feed for further oligomerization to SAF.

Compared to the prior art according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,338, where MTO is conducted over a ZSM-48 having SAR of 113 or 180 and at 370° C. (Example 1 and 2 therein), in the present invention where MTO is conducted at temperatures of 360° C. or below with a ZSM-48 which may contain some impurities, e.g. 1 wt %, with a lower SAR, there is a higher production of total olefins (e.g. C2-C8 olefins); lower production of ethylene, for instance the content of ethylene now being less than 1 wt %; lower production of aromatics, for instance the content of aromatic compounds now being less than 1 wt %; and optionally higher production of isoparaffins, for instance now 10-15 wt %. Furthermore, the lifetime of the catalyst is increased, as explained below.

The combination of operating the oxygenate conversion with e.g. ZSM-48 with SAR up to 110 and lower temperature (300-360° C.) conveys at least three highly beneficial effects:

-   -   a) the selectivity to ethylene and aromatics is decreased to         below 1 wt % in either case.     -   b) a significant amount of isoparaffins may be formed, which can         be used in the process. Isoparaffins, as well as the C3-C8         olefins, may also be oligomerized, so that in a way, instead of         forming the unwanted ethylene and aromatics as byproducts,         isoparaffins may be formed as a desired product. The         isoparaffins may optionally be separated for alkylation to         increase octane number and then be incorporated into the         gasoline pool, or simply be used as part of the olefin stream         for downstream oligomerization.     -   c) due to the lower applicable temperature, the overall lifetime         (number of cycles) of the catalyst is increased as an effect of         the lower dealumination rate (affected by the combination of         high temperature and water vapor produced during reaction).         Further, the lifetime (during each cycle i.e. cycle time) of the         catalyst is substantially increased, which without being bound         by any theory, is probably an effect of the lower selectivity to         aromatics due to less hydrogen transfer reactions. High catalyst         longevity in terms of both overall lifetime (number of cycles)         and cycle time, is highly important for enabling its use in         actual commercial applications.

For the purposes of the present application, the terms “catalyst longevity” and “catalyst lifetime” are used interchangeably.

Moreover, if a binder is included in the catalyst, which is relevant for commercial applications, the present invention will also enable a higher yield of desired products, e.g. C3-C8 olefins, since no or limited MeOH/DME cracking to methane occurs.

Accordingly, when conducting the MTO with a catalyst comprising a zeolite with a 1-D pore structure, as recited above, the features of the invention cooperate synergistically to bring about a superior process which is commercially applicable for conversion of the oxygenates to olefins and thereby for the subsequent downstream steps, e.g. oligomerization.

In a particular embodiment, in the oxygenate conversion step the weight hour space velocity (WHSV) is 0.5-12 h⁻¹, such as 1.5-10, or 4-10, for instance 6, 8, or 10 h⁻¹. In particular, at the higher values of WHSV, for instance in the range 6-10 h⁻¹, despite this normally conveying a reduction of oxygenate conversion, e.g. methanol conversion, it has now also been found that the formation of aromatics may be significantly reduced while not paying a penalty in terms of methanol conversion to particularly higher olefins. Without being bound by any theory, it may appear that in the oxygenate conversion step, two consecutive repetitive cycles take place; a first cycle in which precursor olefin compounds oligomerize, and a second cycle in which higher olefins cyclize and dehydrogenate to form aromatic compounds, which are maintained as active species at the intersection of pores in the zeolite. Due to the high WHSV, i.e. low residence times, the cycles are in a way interrupted already in the first cycle, thus significantly impeding even more the further formation of aromatic compounds. Accordingly, the present invention counterintuitively invites to not only increase the pressure and reduce the temperature, but also optionally to a use high space velocity.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the feedstock stream comprising oxygenates is derived from one or more oxygenates taken from the group consisting of triglycerides, fatty acids, resin acids, ketones, aldehydes or alcohols or ethers, where said oxygenates originate from one or more of a biological source, a gasification process, a pyrolysis process, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, or methanol-based synthesis In a particular embodiment, said one or more oxygenates are hydroprocessed oxygenates. By “hydroprocessed oxygenates” is meant oxygenates such as esters and fatty acids derived from hydroprocessing steps such as hydrotreating and hydrocracking.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the oxygenates are selected from methanol (MeOH), dimethyl ether (DME), or combinations thereof. These are particularly advantageous oxygenate feedstocks, as these are widely commercially available. DME is more reactive than methanol and thus enables running the MTO step at lower temperatures, thereby increasing the selectivity for higher olefins.

Furthermore, conversion of DME, releases only half the amount of water (steam) compared to methanol, thereby reducing the rate of (irreversible) deactivation due to steam-dealumination of the zeolite catalyst.

Suitably, water is removed from the olefin stream produced in the MTO, since its presence may be undesirable when conducting the downstream oligomerization.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the methanol is made from synthesis gas prepared by using electricity from renewable sources such as wind or solar energy, e.g. eMethanol™. Hence, the synthesis gas is prepared by combining air separation, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation, and electrolysis of water, as disclosed in Applicant's WO 2019/020513 A1, or from a synthesis gas produced via electrically heated reforming as for instance disclosed in Applicant's WO 2019/228797. Thereby, an even more sustainable approach for the production of jet fuel, in particular SAF, is achieved. While methanol can be produced from many primary resources (including biomass and waste), in times of low wind and solar electricity costs, the production of eMethanol™ enables a sustainable front-end solution.

In a particular embodiment, the process of the invention further comprises, prior to passing the feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, in which the feedstock comprising oxygenates is a methanol stream i.e. methanol feed stream:

producing said methanol feed stream by methanol synthesis of a methanol synthesis gas, wherein the methanol synthesis gas is generated by: steam reforming of a hydrocarbon feed such as natural gas, and/or at least partly by electrolysis of water and/or steam.

Hence, in another particular embodiment, the methanol feed stream is produced from methanol synthesis gas which is generated by combining the use of water electrolysis in an alkaline or PEM electrolysis unit, or steam in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) unit, thereby generating a hydrogen stream, together with the use of a CO₂-rich stream in a SOEC unit for generating a stream comprising carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, then combining the hydrogen stream and the stream comprising carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide for generating said methanol synthesis gas, as e.g. disclosed in Applicant's co-pending European patent application No. 20216617.9. The methanol synthesis gas is then converted into the methanol feed stream via a methanol synthesis reactor, as is well-known in the art.

The methanol synthesis gas, as is also well-known in the art, is a mixture comprising mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide tailored for methanol synthesis i.e. by the methanol synthesis gas having a module M=(H₂—CO₂)/(CO+CO₂). The methanol synthesis gas used for the methanol synthesis is normally described in terms of said module M, since the synthesis gas is in balance for the methanol reaction when M=2.

Thereby, an alternative highly sustainable front-end solution for generating the methanol feed stream, i.e. methanol synthesis gas, is provided, whereby only electrolysis is utilized for generating the methanol synthesis gas and thereby the methanol.

It would thus be understood, that as used herein, the term “process” may also encompass the prior (front-end) production of the methanol feed stream, as recited above.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the oxygenate conversion step is conducted under the presence of hydrogen. The hydrogen improves the methanol conversion by at least slightly decreasing the rate of deactivation of the catalyst, thereby increasing catalyst lifetime. Yet, when conducting the process, there is no addition of hydrogen, since this conveys a risk of hydrogenating some olefins and thereby decrease the olefin yield.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, in the oxygenate conversion step an olefin stream comprising C2-C3 olefins is withdrawn from said olefin stream and used (recycled) as additional feed stream, e.g. by combining with the feedstock stream comprising oxygenates. Thereby, the concentration of higher olefins in the olefin stream is further increased while also having full utilization of the less desired lower olefins for conversion into higher olefins. Any undesired cracking of higher olefins in the process is contained by recycling products of such cracking, namely C2-C3 olefins, back to the feed. Furthermore, this recycle, suitably also containing light paraffins and optionally also isoparaffins, further provides a dilution effect on the feedstock stream, thereby enabling better control of the exothermicity during the conversion to olefins.

In a particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the entire olefin stream passes through the single hydro-oligomerization step, preferably after said olefin stream comprising C2-C3 olefins is withdrawn from the olefin stream.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the catalyst in the oxygenate step and/or step Hydro/OLI step is arranged as a fixed bed.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the oxygenate conversion step comprises: using a first reactor set including a single reactor or several reactors, preferably mutually arranged in parallel, for the partial or full conversion of the oxygenates. Thereby, large feedstocks comprising one or more oxygenates can be handled simultaneously.

It would be understood, that the term “mutually” means in between the reactors of a reactor set, e.g. arranged in parallel in between the reactors of the first reactor set.

In a particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the oxygenate conversion step further comprises using a second reactor set including a single reactor or several reactors, preferably mutually arranged in parallel, for the further conversion of the oxygenates, and a phase separation stage in between the first reactor set and the second reactor set for thereby forming the olefin stream.

As used herein, the term “using a first reactor set” means passing the feedstock comprising oxygenates through the first reactor set. As used herein, the term “using a second reactor set” means passing the feedstock or a portion thereof through the second reactor set after the partial or full conversion of the oxygenates and passage through the separation stage.

It would be understood that the first reactor set is used for the passing therethrough of the feedstock comprising oxygenates thereby providing partial or full conversion of the oxygenates, while the second reactor set is used for the passing therethrough of the feedstock or a portion thereof after the partial or full conversion of the oxygenates and passage through the separation stage.

Thereby, large feedstocks comprising one or more oxygenates can be handled simultaneously and lower temperatures may be used in both reactor sets, which improves the lifetime conversion capacity of the catalyst and also improves the selectivity to higher olefins due to less cracking.

In an embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the entire feedstock stream passes through the first reactor set, i.e. there is no substantial splitting of the feedstock stream.

As used herein, the term “entire feedstock” means at least 90 wt % of the feedstock.

In another particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the oxygenate conversion step comprises:

-   -   i-1) passing the feedstock stream comprising oxygenates through         the first reactor set under conditions for partly converting,         e.g. 40-80% such as 60-70% conversion, the oxygenates, thereby         forming a raw olefin stream comprising unconverted oxygenates         and C2-C8 olefins particularly C3-C8 olefins, e.g. the raw         olefin stream may comprise water, methanol and C2-C8 olefins,         particularly C3-C8 olefins;     -   i-2) passing the raw olefin stream through a separation stage,         for producing:     -   a first olefin stream, which is rich in lower olefins,         particularly C2-C3 olefins;     -   a separated oxygenate stream comprising the unconverted         oxygenates, e.g. the separated oxygenate stream may comprise         water and methanol;     -   a second olefin stream, which is rich in higher olefins,     -   i-3) combining the first olefin stream with the separated         oxygenate stream comprising the unconverted oxygenates, thereby         forming a combined stream comprising lower olefins, particularly         C2-C3 olefins, and the unconverted oxygenates;     -   i-4) passing the resulting combined stream comprising lower         olefins and unconverted oxygenates through the second reactor         set under conditions for fully converting, e.g. 85%, 90%, 95% or         higher, the unconverted oxygenates and the lower olefins, into a         third olefin stream which is rich in higher olefins;     -   i-5) combining the second olefin stream (which may be regarded         as a by-pass stream of the second reactor set) with the third         olefin stream, thereby forming said olefin stream, which         preferably is rich in higher olefins and substantially free of         aromatics.

Thereby increased flexibility in operation is achieved, particularly when handling large feedstock streams, without needing to e.g. divide the feedstock stream prior to entering a first reactor for conversion of oxygenates and pass it to a separate olefin interconversion reactor, as for instance disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,279. Furthermore, the temperatures in all reactor sets can be lowered even further, for instance down to 250-350° C., yet still achieving full conversion, e.g. up to 100% conversion of the oxygenates. In addition, further lowering the temperature increases also catalyst lifetime. In addition, different types of catalysts may be used in the two different reactor sets. Moreover, there is increased flexibility in the handling of a variety of feedstocks comprising oxygenates, including fatty acids in renewable feeds, or oxygenates originating from one or more of a biological source, as well as the handling of, optionally, different types in catalysts in the two different sets of reactors. For instance, the first reactor set of may use a catalyst having a unidimensional (1-D) pore structure, such as MRE*, e.g. EU-2, and the second reactor set may use a three-dimensional (3-D) pore structure, such as MFI, e.g. MFI modified with an alkaline earth metal, e.g. a Ca/Mg-modified ZSM-5, in particular a Ca-modified ZSM-5.

In another particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the first reactor and second reactor set use a catalyst having a unidimensional (1-D) pore structure, such as MRE*, e.g. EU-2.

In another particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the first reactor set consists of 2-4 reactors, such as 3 reactors, and the second reactor set consists of 1-3 reactors, such as 2 reactors. In the first and second reactor set, the reactors are preferably mutually arranged in parallel. In large MTO plants handling large feedstock streams, normally several reactors are run in parallel, e.g. five (5) reactors. By the present invention it is possible to replace the 5 reactors in parallel by for instance the first reactor set consisting of three reactors, and the second reactor set consisting of two reactors. Thereby it is possible to run at full conversion by operating the first three reactors at e.g. only 70% conversion, and then further convert the unconverted oxygenates, e.g. methanol, together with the C2-C3 olefins, to 100% in two reactors arranged in series to the first three. Again, the temperature in all five reactors is lowered, yet full conversion is achieved.

It would be understood that the first reactor set and second reactor set are arranged in series.

In another particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, a reactor in the first reactor set and second reactor set operates at 2-30 bar, such as 5-15 bar, and at 150-480° C. such as 150-350° C. or 200-300° C.

In another particular embodiment according to the first aspect of the invention, the weight hour space velocity (WHSV) is 0.5-12 h⁻¹, such as 1.5-10 h⁻¹, or 4-10 h⁻¹, for instance 6, 8, or 10 h⁻¹. In yet another particular embodiment, the weight hour space velocity (WHSV) in the first reactor set is higher than in the second reactor set.

In a second aspect, the invention relates to a plant for producing a hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range from a feedstock comprising oxygenates (i.e. MTJ process plant), said plant comprising:

-   -   an oxygenate conversion section, such as a MTO section, and         downstream a combined oligomerization and hydrogenation section         (Hydro/OLI);     -   said plant being configured for directing the feedstock         comprising oxygenates to said oxygenate conversion section for         producing an olefin stream by contacting the feedstock with a         catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, preferably a         catalyst comprising a zeolite, said oxygenate conversion section         comprising one or more reactors being adapted for accommodating         said catalyst, preferably as one or more fixed beds arranged         therein;     -   said plant further being configured for directing the olefin         stream to said combined oligomerization and hydrogenation         section for producing said hydrocarbon stream comprising         hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range by contacting the         olefin stream with a catalyst active for oligomerization and         hydrogenation, said combined oligomerization and hydrogenation         section preferably comprising a single reactor being adapted for         accommodating said catalyst, preferably as one or more fixed         beds arranged therein.

In an embodiment according to the second aspect of the invention, said oxygenate conversion section comprises:

-   -   a first reactor set including a single reactor or several         reactors, preferably mutually arranged in parallel, for the         partial or full conversion of the oxygenates;     -   and in series arrangement with the first reactor set,     -   a second reactor set including a single reactor or several         reactors, preferably mutually arranged in parallel, for the         further conversion of the oxygenates, and a phase separation         stage arranged in between the first reactor set and the second         reactor set, for thereby forming the olefin stream.

Any of the embodiments and associated benefits according to the first aspect of the invention may be used with the second aspect of the invention, or vice versa.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified figure showing the overall process for production of jet fuel in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a simplified figure showing the overall process for production of jet fuel including a particular embodiment for the conversion a feedstock comprising oxygenates to olefins and further conversion to jet fuel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference to FIG. 1 , a feedstock comprising oxygenates 100, such as methanol and/or DME, is directed together with an optional hydrogen stream 102 and an olefin stream 104 comprising C2-C3 olefins which is withdrawn from the olefin stream 106 formed in oxygenate conversion section 200. The oxygenate conversion section 200, for instance a MTO section, converts the oxygenates over a catalyst comprising a zeolite. The resulting olefin stream 106 is preferably rich in higher olefins (C4=−C8=) and low in aromatics and is further converted (as shown by stippled lines) to a hydrocarbon stream 112 comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range (C8-C16).

This further conversion is conducted downstream in a combined oligomerization and hydrogenation section 300, for instance in a single reactor. The olefin stream 106, suitably after removing its water content, is mixed with optional oligomerization olefin stream 110 comprising C8—hydrocarbons and resulting from cracked C9-C16 hydrocarbons withdrawn from said hydrocarbon stream 112 comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range. The resulting mixed stream is then directed to section 300 and converted, under the presence of hydrogen being fed as stream 108, over a catalyst such as Ni supported on a zeolite having a FAU or MTT structure, for instance Y-zeolite, or ZSM-23, at e.g. 20-40 bar and 50-350° C., to the hydrocarbon stream 112 comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range. At these conditions, particularly the lower pressures, the single reactor in section 300 operates such that the oligomerization is dimerization and at the same time there is hydrogenation activity. Due to the higher olefins and low aromatics of the olefin stream 106, the hydrocarbons in stream 112 boiling in the jet fuel range i.e. jet fuel, can be used as SAF.

With reference to FIG. 2 , a feedstock stream 100 comprising oxygenates such as methanol and/or DME passes through a first reactor set 200′, for instance three reactors arranged in parallel, for thereby achieving 50-70% conversion of the methanol and producing a raw olefin stream 105 comprising water, methanol and C2-C8 olefins. The raw olefin stream 105 is subjected to separation in 3-phase separator 200″ thereby producing a first olefin stream 105 a, which is rich in lower olefins, particularly C2-C3 olefins, a separated oxygenate stream 105 b comprising the unconverted oxygenates, e.g. unconverted methanol, and a second olefin stream 105 c which is rich in higher olefins, particularly C4-C8 olefins, e.g. having about 60-70% C4-C8 olefins. The first olefin stream 105 a is combined with the separated oxygenate stream 105 b comprising the unconverted oxygenates, thereby forming a combined stream 105 d comprising lower olefins, particularly C2-C3 olefins, and the unconverted oxygenates. This combined stream is pressurized and fed to a second reactor set 200′″ arranged downstream, and which may for instance include two reactors arranged in parallel, for thereby achieving full conversion e.g. 85% or 90% or higher. The first reactor set 200′ and second reactor set 200′″ are thereby arranged in series. A third olefin stream 105 e is produced which is rich in higher olefins, particularly C4-C8 olefins. Finally, the second olefin stream 105 c (bypass stream) is combined with the third olefin stream 105 e, thereby forming said olefin stream 106 which may have been pressurized. By the above arrangement of the MTO section 200, the rectors of the first and second set can be operated at low temperature, e.g. 250-350° C. or 340-400° C., preferably at a lower temperature than when using the embodiment of FIG. 1 , which improves the life-time conversion capacity of the catalysts used and improve the selectivity to higher olefins due to less cracking. The resulting olefin stream 106, suitably after removing its water content, is further converted (as shown by the stippled lines) to the hydrocarbon stream 112 comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range (C8-C16), particularly SAF, as explained in connection with FIG. 1 . 

1. Process for producing hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range, comprising: passing an olefin stream trough an oligomerization step and hydrogenation step which are combined in a single hydro-oligomerization step, and optionally subsequently conducting a separation step, for thereby producing a hydrocarbon stream comprising said hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range.
 2. The process according to claim 1, further comprising a prior step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, thereby forming said olefin stream.
 3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the olefin stream is passed directly to said single hydro-oligomerization step.
 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the oligomerization step is dimerization, optionally also trimerization, by the hydro-oligomerization step being conducted by reacting, under the presence of hydrogen, the olefin stream over a catalyst comprising a zeolite and a hydrogenation metal.
 5. The process according to claim 4, wherein the catalyst comprises a zeolite having a structure selected from MFI, MEL, SZR, SVR, ITH, IMF, TUN, FER, EUO, MSE, *MRE, MWW, TON, MTT, FAU, AFO, AE, and combinations thereof.
 6. The process according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst in the step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, comprises a zeolite having a structure selected from MFI, MEL, SZR, SVR, ITH, IMF, TUN, FER, EUO, MSE, *MRE, MWW, TON, MTT, FAU, AFO, AEL, and combinations thereof.
 7. The process according to claim 6, wherein said step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, is conducted at a pressure of 1-60 bar and a temperature of 125-700° C.
 8. The process according to claim 6, wherein said step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, is conducted over a catalyst comprising a zeolite with a framework having a 10-ring pore structure, in which said 10-ring pore structure comprises: (a) a unidimensional (1-D) pore structure, and/or (b) a three-dimensional (3-D) pore structure; and at a pressure of 1-50 bar and temperature of 150-600° C.
 9. The process according to claim 8, in which the zeolite has a 1-D pore structure and is any of *MRE (ZSM-48), MTT (ZSM-23), TON (ZSM-22), or combinations thereof; and optionally having a silica-to-alumina ratio (SAR) of up to 110; and the process is conducted at a pressure of 1-25 bar, and a temperature of 240-360° C.
 10. The process according to any of claim 2, wherein the feedstock stream comprising oxygenates is derived from one or more oxygenates taken from the group consisting of triglycerides, fatty acids, resin acids, ketones, aldehydes or alcohols or ethers, where said oxygenates originate from one or more of a biological source, a gasification process, a pyrolysis process, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, or methanol-based synthesis.
 11. The process according to claim 2, wherein the oxygenates are selected from methanol (MeOH).
 12. The process according to claim 2, wherein said step of passing a feedstock stream comprising oxygenates over a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates comprises using a first reactor set including a single reactor or several reactors, for the partial or full conversion of the oxygenates.
 13. The process according to claim 12, further comprising using a second reactor set including a single reactor or several reactors, for the further conversion of the oxygenates, and a phase separation stage in between the first reactor set and the second reactor set, for thereby forming the olefin stream.
 14. Plant for producing a hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range from a feedstock comprising oxygenates, said plant comprising: an oxygenate conversion section and downstream a combined oligomerization and hydrogenation section; said plant being configured for directing the feedstock comprising oxygenates to said oxygenate conversion section for producing an olefin stream by contacting the feedstock with a catalyst active in the conversion of oxygenates, said oxygenate conversion section comprising one or more reactors being adapted for accommodating said catalyst; said plant further being configured for directing the olefin stream to said combined oligomerization and hydrogenation section for producing said hydrocarbon stream comprising hydrocarbons boiling in the jet fuel range by contacting the olefin stream with a catalyst active for oligomerization and hydrogenation.
 15. The plant according to claim 14, wherein said oxygenate conversion section comprises: a first reactor set including a single reactor or several reactors, for the partial or full conversion of the oxygenates; and in series arrangement with the first reactor set, a second reactor set including a single reactor or several reactors, for the further conversion of the oxygenates, and a phase separation stage arranged in between the first reactor set and the second reactor set, for thereby forming the olefin stream. 